Transporters as Targets for Drugs (2009)

Transporters are proteins that span the plasma membrane and regulate the traf?c of small molecules in and out of the cell. They play a particularly important role in chemical signalling between neurons in the CNS, where they act to control the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synapse. In most systems the termination of chemical transmission is achieved by rapid uptake of the transmitter molecule from the synapse by transporters located on the synaptic terminal or surrounding glial cells. Another key role for transporters is in excluding undesirable xenobiotics from the cell, whilst allowing key molecules required for the cell life cycle to enter. It is incre- ingly recognised that these ef?ux or uptake transporters respectively, play an important role in the disposition of many marketed drugs, and whilst the ?eld of drug transport is yet to attain the level of maturity of drug metabolism, itiscertaintobeofincreasingimportance infuturedrugdisc- ery programmes. 2 Transporter Classification Transporters can be classed into two main families; the ATP binding c- sette (ABC) family, and the solute carrier (SLC) family. The SLC family is a very broad categorisation which encompasses, amongst others, three - portant families of transporters for organic molecules; the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) and two neurotransmitter transporter families, the neu- transmitter; sodium symporter (NSS, or SLC6) and the dicarboxylate/amino + + acid: cation (Na or H ) symporter (DAACS, or SLC1) family.